The S-300PS anti-aircraft missile system (AAMS) is designed to defend the most important administrative, industrial and military facilities from attacks by all types of air attack weapons in the entire range of their practical use, including when on constant combat duty. The S-ZOOPS air defense system ensures the destruction of modern and advanced aircraft, cruise missiles, ballistic and other targets flying at speeds of up to 1200 m/s in a zone of up to 75 (90) km in range at altitudes from 25 m to the practical ceiling of their combat use, in conditions massive raid, in a difficult tactical and jamming environment. The system is all-weather and can be used in various climatic zones.

The S-300PS is a self-propelled version of the S-300P anti-aircraft missile system and received the NATO code designation - SA-10B Grumble. The complex has been entering service since 1982. The lead developer is NPO Almaz, chief designer A. Lemansky. The system included missiles of the 5V55R (V-500R) type, created by the Fakel Design Bureau (Moscow) and produced at the Northern Plant Production Association (Leningrad). Work on the creation of self-propelled launchers was carried out at KBSM under the leadership of Chief Designer A.F. Utkin, and since 1979 under the leadership of N.A. Trofimov.

The creation of this complex was determined by an analysis of the experience of the combat use of air defense missiles in Vietnam and the Middle East, where the survival of air defense systems was greatly facilitated by their mobility, the ability to escape from an attack “in front of the very nose” of the enemy and quickly prepare for battle in a new position. The new complex had a record short deployment time of 5 minutes, making it difficult to attack by enemy aircraft. The export version of the S-ZOOPS system, characterized by minor changes in the composition of the equipment, received the designation S-ZOOPSMU (NATO code designation - SA-10C Grumble)).

A further development of the S-300PS (S-300PMU) air defense system is the S-ZOOPMU-1 system with improved tactical and technical characteristics, which was put into service in 1993.

Compound

The S-ZOOPS (S-300PMU) anti-aircraft missile system includes:

anti-aircraft guided missiles 5V55R
anti-aircraft missile system 90Zh6, containing:
- command post 5N63S with illumination and guidance radar (RPN) 30N6;
- up to four launch complexes 5P85SD, each of which consists of one main launcher (PU) 5P85S and two additional launchers 5P85D,
- autonomous radar detection and target designation equipment - radar 76N6 and (or) radar 36D6(added additionally)
technical support means.

ZRK 90Zh6 can be interfaced with automated control systems 83M6E.

Launch complex 5P85SD

The 5P85SD complex includes:

main PU 5P85S, equipped with a container for preparing and controlling the launch of F3S missiles,

up to two “additional” 5P85D launchers, controlled through the F3S container on the 5P85S launcher.

Launchers of both types carry four transport-launch containers (TPC) with 5V55R missiles, are equipped with a 5S18A autonomous power supply system and are mounted on the chassis of heavy-duty MAZ-543M off-road vehicles. Weight of PU 5P85S - 42150 kg. Launcher dimensions: length - 13.11 m, width - 3.15 m, height - 3.8 m.

The 5P85D launchers are installed in positions in pairs relative to the 5P85S launcher in such a way that the distance between the cabins is 2-3 meters (which is determined by the length of the cable connecting the 5P85D launcher to the F3S container), and the distance between the TPK packages is 5-6 meters. All 5P85S launchers must have their cabins oriented towards the 30N6 on-load tap-changer (the exact angular location of the launcher is determined by reference points on the F2S container using artillery panoramas installed on the 5P85S launcher) and are located at a distance of up to one hundred meters from it. Communication of the 5P85S launchers with the PBU for controlling the operation of the F3S container and ensuring the preparation of missiles is carried out via a radio link through an antenna located behind the launcher driver's cabin on the F3S container. On later series of launchers, a disk-shaped antenna of the communication system is used.

When deployed into a combat position, launch complex vehicles are mounted on hydraulic supports. In this case, leveling errors are almost completely compensated by a special PU unit.

The 5N63S command post is mounted on an F20 chassis based on a MAZ-543M vehicle and includes:

RPN 30N6 - container F1S - receiving and transmitting cabin with interrogator
combat control cabin (CCU) - F2K hardware container.

The F20 chassis includes: a 5S18A power supply system with two gas turbine power units (GAP) and a power take-off generator (from the MAZ vehicle engine) and a telescopic antenna mast device (AMU) for communication with a higher command post and an automatic control system.

The highly automated multifunctional target illumination and missile guidance radar (RPN) 30N6 receives and processes target designations from 83M6E controls and attached autonomous information sources, detects (including in autonomous mode), selects targets for priority firing, captures and automatically tracks targets , determination of their nationality, capture, tracking and guidance of missiles, illumination of targets being fired to ensure the operation of semi-active homing heads of guided missiles. The ground edge, in which low-altitude targets may appear, is automatically scanned. The complex's digital control system assesses the interference situation and suppresses interference, both passive and active. RPN 30N6 provides simultaneous guidance of up to 12 missiles at six targets of various types.

The design of the F20 chassis allows combat work to be carried out directly “from the wheels” after installing the vehicle on hydraulic supports (leveling errors are calculated by a special computing unit located in the F1S container). Cable connections to other elements of the complex and power sources are made if necessary and if time is available.

When the location of the division is more than 20 km from the location of the system command post, the AMU FL-95 (FL-95M, FL-95MA) is introduced into the division - a telescopic farm mast up to 25 meters high based on the chassis of the ZIL-131N vehicle (AMU Sosna ") - for the sustainable exchange of information about the air installation and the conduct of combat operations.

To expand the capabilities for detecting and tracking low-altitude targets when deploying anti-aircraft divisions and units of radio technical troops (RTV) in wooded or very rough terrain, the country's air defense forces have used stationary towers since the 60s to raise SNR antenna posts, reconnaissance and target designation radars. In relation to the S300P complexes of various modifications, a universal mobile tower 40V6M with a height of about 25 meters, towed in the transport position by a MAZ-537 tractor, was developed to accommodate the RNP antenna post. The tower was put into service in the late 70s - early 80s. Somewhat later, the 40V6MD tower, about 39 meters high, was developed and put into service, differing from the 40V6M tower by an additional 13-meter extension. To transport an additional section of the 40V6MD tower, a road train based on a MAZ-938 semi-trailer is used. Installation of the 40V6M tower and lifting of the on-load tap-changer is carried out in 1 hour using the standard means of the tower, for the 40V6MD tower - in 2 hours using standard means and an additional crane of the KT-80 "Yanvarets" type or a lifting load similar in lifting capacity and height.

The KT-80 (KS-7571) crane with a lifting capacity of up to 80 tons was created by GSKTB using the chassis of mobile launchers of the Pioneer strategic missile system - a six-axle MAZ-547A all-terrain vehicle. The production of cranes was carried out by the plant named after the January Uprising (Odessa).

The time of deployment of the complex and transfer from the traveling position to the combat position is determined by the time of automatic monitoring of the functioning of the complex systems and the transmitters entering the high voltage mode. All operations are carried out by combat crews from the cockpits of launch complexes and control units.

During combat operations, the interaction of all participating units of equipment is carried out via telemetric communication channels (radio link). A cable connection is provided between the 5P85D and 5P85S launchers (to the F3S container) of the 5V85SD complexes and between the 5V85S launchers and the F2K containers. If there is time, external power supply systems (EPS) are connected to the corresponding consumers.

The rate of fire is 3.5 seconds, up to 6 targets can be fired at the same time with 12 missiles when aiming up to two missiles at each target. There is a mode for firing at ground targets.

Anti-aircraft guided missile 5V55R

The 5V55R missile defense system is designed to engage modern and future air targets, including strategic and tactical aviation, cruise missiles, as well as ballistic and tactical missiles of various bases and other air targets. The missile is single-stage, made according to the normal aerodynamic design. Equipped with a highly efficient solid propellant engine, it consists of a number of compartments in which a radio direction finder, an equipment compartment (on-board equipment is made in the form of a monoblock), a high-explosive fragmentation warhead, a solid propellant rocket engine, and rocket rudder control units are located (see photo 1, photo 2). The rocket launch is vertical, using a catapult installed in the TPK without first turning the launcher towards the target. After the rocket exits the TPK, the air rudders-ailerons open to their working position under the action of torsion bars, and the engine starts. After starting the engine, the rocket tilts in the required direction depending on the position of the target.

To ensure declination, gas rudders-ailerons are installed on the rocket, which bring it to the required angle of inclination of the trajectory in the first seconds after launch, when the speed of the rocket is still low and air rudders-ailerons are not effective. Subsequently, the gas rudders-ailerons are disconnected from the control mechanism of the rudders-ailerons using squibs, and air rudders-ailerons are used to ensure controlled flight.

The missile's high maneuverability and high-power high-explosive fragmentation warhead ensure effective destruction of targets.

The rocket does not require inspections and adjustments during its entire service life - 10 years.

Low-altitude detector 5N66M

For more successful detection of low-altitude targets, the division is equipped with a low-altitude detector (NVO) 5N66M mounted on a universal mobile tower, developed at NPO Utes (Moscow) under the leadership of L. Shulman and adopted in the late 70s for service with the country's Air Defense Forces.

NVO 5N66M (see photo) is supplied to the troops consisting of:

antenna post F52M,
universal tower 40V6M (40V6MD),
Autonomous power supply system (SAPP) - diesel power plant 5I57 (5I57A)
remote equipment in container F2
distribution and conversion device (RPU) 5I58 (or 63T6A).

The operation of the NVO, which determines the azimuth, range and speed of the target, is controlled from the F52M container or remotely from the F2K container. Accuracy of coordinate determination: range - 250 m, azimuth - 20 arc minutes, speed - 2.4 m/s. Power consumption - 55 kW. The NVO in transport condition is transported by two 5T58 road trains (a KrAZ-250 truck tractor and a trailer manufactured by ChMZAP).

Technical equipment assigned to the S300PS division

When conducting autonomous combat operations in isolation from the system command post, the division is assigned an all-altitude three-dimensional radar 36D6 (or 19Zh6). The antenna post with a rotating device, the radar cabin is mounted on a single semi-trailer. The station kit includes a diesel-electric station 5I57. At the combat position, the radar operates directly from the semi-trailer or its antenna and rotary support devices can be installed on a 40V6M (40V6MD) tower.

At some distance from the center of the position (location of the on-load tap-changer), two OdAZ-828M semi-trailers with ZIP-1V (P3 and P4) and an ED cabin ("Operational Documentation" - OdAZ-828M semi-trailer or KrAZ-225/KrAZ vehicle) are towed by ZIL-131 truck tractors. -260 with KUNG).

When conducting combat operations as part of a S-300PS regiment, in order to accurately determine the coordinates of the fire division relative to the system command post (CPS), when changing positions, the division is assigned a 1T12-2M topographic surveyor based on a GAZ-66 or UAZ-3151 vehicle, which, when deployed to a new position, as a rule, it is installed in the direction of travel of the line with on-load tap-changer at some distance.

To control the division on the march when changing position, the division commander's vehicle and the command and staff vehicle (UAZ-3151 or GAZ-66), equipped with the R-123M combined radio station (R-125P2 as part of the R-134, R-173, R853V1 radio stations) are intended. . To provide the machines with power supply, the AB-1-P285-VVI power unit is supplied to the positions.

To provide cover from attacking enemy helicopters and effectively combat ground enemies (landing forces), the division is equipped with the Utes anti-aircraft machine gun mount - an NSV heavy machine gun (12.7 mm) on a 6U6 machine gun.

When placed at a prepared position, the division is provided with external power supply systems (SVEP), power units (modules): 94E6, 98E6 and 99E6 as part of DES 5I57A and RPU 63T6A (two RPU cabins for 99E6) - for power supply of launch complexes, NVO, RPN and F2K container respectively. All diesel power plants and control units of the S-300P system are mounted in KT10 type van bodies based on the MAZ-5224V trailer chassis. The mass of the diesel-electric station is 13600 kg, the 63T6A distribution and conversion device is 11930 kg.

When placing a division of a position with the ability to connect to an industrial power grid, transportable transformer substations (TPS) 82X6, 83X6 are used.

To increase autonomy, divisions can be assigned an AC-5.5 tank truck for transporting diesel fuel based on a KamAZ-4310 vehicle or a fuel tanker based on Ural-375, ZIL-131 vehicles, a maintenance vehicle - MTO-4S, a water carrier vehicle, usually on base of ZIL-130, ZIL-131 or GAZ-66 cars.

When changing the combat position, vehicles for towing trailers, transporting personnel and property arrive from the regiment's motor service.

In some cases, the assets assigned to divisions may include a combat duty support module (MOBD), consisting of four self-propelled chassis of the MAZ-543 type with blocks: a canteen, a dormitory, a guardhouse (all based on the MAZ-543M chassis), a power unit (based on MAZ-543A chassis). Additionally, a diesel power plant on a trailer is being introduced.

All MAZ-543M vehicles of the S-300PS division are equipped with night vision devices and radio stations for communication on the move.

To conduct driving training when practicing reloading self-propelled launchers, size-weight mock-ups of the TPK are installed on them (it is possible to install a TPK version for missile modifications that are not used in the complex). For temporary storage of TPK in divisions and for storing missile reserves in TPK at weapons depots, 5P32 packages are used, which allow for multi-tiered installation in racks. Transportation of missiles in TPK, packed in 5P32 packages. carried out by 5T58-2 road trains or in ordinary gondola cars.

To reload 5P85 launchers of all modifications, a 5T99 loading machine based on the KrAZ-255 or 5T99M chassis based on the KrAZ-260 is used; it is also possible to install missiles on the launcher using a KS-4561AM truck crane. The KS-4561A crane with a lifting capacity of 16 tons is mounted on the chassis of a KrAZ-257K1 vehicle. The crane, created on the basis of the KrAZ-250 vehicle chassis, has the index KS-4561A-1. Currently, truck cranes of the KS-4561 type, developed and produced by the Kamyshin Crane Plant, have been discontinued. Launcher reloading equipment is not included in the fire divisions. Currently, new loading vehicles with a modified manipulator design are being supplied to the Air Defense Forces.

Performance characteristics

Borders of the affected area, km
- long-range (aerodynamic target)	75
- long-range (BRMD)	25
- near	5
Target hit height, km
- minimum (aerodynamic target)	0,025
- maximum (aerodynamic target)	27
Maximum speed of missiles, m/s	up to 2000
Maximum speed of targets hit, m/c	1200
OLTC viewing sector (in azimuth), hail	90
Number of tracked targets	up to 12
Number of targets fired	until 6
Number of simultaneously guided missiles	up to 12
Rate of fire With	3-5
Expansion/collapse time min	5/5
Number of missiles in the complex	up to 48

The S-300 anti-aircraft missile systems (SAM) in service with the Belarusian army, if necessary, can be used to destroy particularly important ground targets on the territory of an eventual enemy.

Like Alexander Lukashenko on October 7 at a press conference for Russian journalists, the Belarusian military has learned a lot "in the defense of the borders of the Union State." In particular, the S-300 was adapted to destroy ground targets tens of kilometers from firing positions. And they did it for the first time.

Please note that this information contains some inaccuracies. The ability to hit stationary ground targets was initially incorporated by the developers into the design of the S-300 air defense system, which was put into service in 1979, as well as all its subsequent modifications.

According to experts, the guidance system used in the anti-aircraft guided missile (SAM) of this complex (semi-active, with radio correction) in principle provides such a possibility. The use of the S-300 may be especially effective against emitting objects (such as radars), when the missile's onboard direction finder firmly locks onto the target.

The warhead of the missile defense system with a total weight of up to 140 kg contains a huge number of ready-made fragments (up to 19,000) and is activated by a non-contact radio fuse. Heavy fragments and high kinetic energy of the explosion are focused in a limited solid angle, which significantly increases the energy flux density of the fragments and guarantees complete destruction of the target, regardless of the angle at which the missile meets the target.

The range of destruction of ground targets can reach 120 km. The limiting factor here is the guidance system. Meanwhile, the rocket's power supply allows it to cover much greater distances. It is known that during the work on the S-400 complex in the eighties, a successful experimental launch of the S-300 complex missile was carried out at 400 km along a trajectory close to ballistic, with a maximum altitude of 70 km.

However, in Soviet times, due to the high cost of missiles (and the availability of a large number of operational-tactical missile systems - OTRK), firing anti-aircraft missiles at ground targets was not practiced. Now the situation has changed, and such exercises are already being carried out. Firstly, particularly important targets are taken into account, for the sake of which expensive missiles are not spared (for example, missile defense radars or the headquarters of gangs), and secondly, the number of OTRK has been sharply reduced.

In May "Russian newspaper" reported that three anti-aircraft missile regiments from the Air Force and Air Defense Association of the Eastern Military District of the Russian Armed Forces held exercises at the Telemba training ground. During the maneuvers, five S-300 missile defense systems were fired at "unknown armed formation" which was completely destroyed.

The ability to hit ground targets is also preserved in the S-400 air defense system, which, in fact, is a deep modernization of the S-300. The control of the new missiles of the complex is combined. For most of the flight path to the target, they are controlled using an on-board inertial system using ground-based radar information about the target coordinates, entered into the on-board equipment by ground-based air defense systems before launch and corrected during the flight via a correction radio link. At the final stage of the flight, the missile is controlled according to data generated by the active radar homing head.

This increase in the combat capabilities of the S-400 seems to worry the Polish military. According to the publication in the Ekran publication, one of the CWW military intelligence officers stated regarding the S-400 air defense system: “Officially these are surface-to-air missiles, but what flies can also fall.”

Note that these complexes are installed in Kaliningrad, in the westernmost part of Russia, directly bordering Poland. Warsaw, Gdansk, Elbląg, Bydgoszcz, and Lodz fall within their field of control.

The capabilities of the S-300 that Belarus possesses are, of course, more modest in this regard, but they are quite capable of hitting a ground target a hundred kilometers away. And in five to seven years, by the time of the probable appearance of American missile defense facilities in Poland, Belarus may receive S-400 from Russia.

The editors of the site decided to clarify which systems could have shot down the Boeing 777 that crashed near Donetsk on July 17

Self-propelled firing system, part of the Buk-M1 anti-aircraft missile system.

Moscow. July 18. website - On the evening of July 17, a Boeing 777 of Malaysia Airlines, flying from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur, crashed in the Donetsk region. There were 283 passengers and 15 crew members on board. It is believed that the plane was shot down at an altitude of 10 kilometers, presumably by a surface-to-air missile. Where exactly it was released is still unknown. Russia, Ukraine and the DPR deny any involvement in the plane crash. At the same time, of the weapons available in the region, aircraft at an altitude of more than 10 kilometers can only be hit by weapons of the S-300 or Buk type.

"Beech"

The Buk-M1 anti-aircraft missile system (presumably this is the modification we are talking about) is designed to destroy airplanes, helicopters and cruise missiles. It is capable of hitting targets at low and medium altitudes in conditions of intense electronic countermeasures. In addition, the Buk can be used against ground and surface targets.

The complex consists of at least four cars. This is a command post, a radar station, several (up to six) self-propelled fire installations and several launch-loading installations. In addition, the complex requires technical support equipment - these are a variety of repair and maintenance vehicles for both the complex itself and the missiles, a transport vehicle, an automated control and testing mobile station, a compressor station and a mobile power station. All Buk combat assets are assembled on all-terrain tracked self-propelled vehicles.

Main tactical and technical characteristics of the complex:

The range of destruction of aerodynamic targets (airplanes and helicopters) is from 3 to 35 kilometers

The height of destruction of aerodynamic targets is up to 22 kilometers

Number of simultaneously fired targets - up to 6

The probability of hitting an aircraft with one missile is 0.7...0.9

Deployment time - 5 minutes

The reaction time of the complex is 15-18 seconds

Road speed - 65 km/h

Anti-aircraft missile system S-300PMU2 "Favorite", photo: ITAR-TASS, Lystseva Marina

The S-300 mobile multi-channel anti-aircraft missile system is designed to defend critical facilities from attacks by aerospace attacks - both aircraft and various missiles. The system is capable of operating in automatic mode; the operator only controls its operation and gives the command to launch missiles.

The S-300 consists of a command post with a detection radar, with which up to six anti-aircraft missile systems are associated, which are under the control of their military units. The command post serves for automated distribution of targets between air defense systems and does not contain missiles. To function, the system also requires various repair and maintenance machines and transport vehicles.

Main tactical and technical characteristics (using the example of the S-300PMU2 "Favorite"):

The range of destruction of aerodynamic targets is 3 from 200 kilometers

The height of destruction of aerodynamic targets is up to 27 kilometers

Maximum speed of targets hit - 2800 m/s

Number of simultaneously fired targets - up to 36

Number of simultaneously guided missiles - up to 72

Probability of hitting aircraft - up to 0.9

Deployment time - 5 minutes

Road speed - 60 km/h

Cruising range without refueling - 500 kilometers

Secret cars of the Soviet Army Evgeniy Dmitrievich Kochnev

Launchers of the S-300 anti-aircraft missile system (since 1982)

Launchers of the S-300 anti-aircraft missile system (since 1982)

Since the beginning of the 1980s, the most important area of application of the MAZ-543M chassis has been their widespread use as the basis for numerous types of missile SPU of the 5P85 series of the new most advanced Soviet anti-aircraft system S-300, which was part of the USSR Air Defense Forces and still exists in its third generation . For the first time, 543M vehicles appeared as part of the S-300PS air defense system (export designation - S-300PMU), which was designed at NPO Almaz from the mid-1960s to replace the S-75 complex and was put into service in 1982. Structurally, it was a self-propelled version and a further development of the first version of the S-300PT on wheeled towed chassis, produced since 1975 and put into service in February 1981. The new S-300PS system was intended for the defense of the most important industrial, military and residential facilities from combat strikes of various types of air attack weapons over the entire range of ranges and altitudes, as well as for firing at ground targets. It was part of the 90Zh6 air defense system and ensured the destruction of modern and promising aircraft, cruise missiles, ballistic and other targets flying at speeds of up to 1300 m/s at ranges of 5 - 90 km and at altitudes from 25 m to the practical ceiling of their combat use - 27 km. The complex could be operated in various climatic zones and had a record short deployment time - five minutes, which made it difficult to be vulnerable to enemy aircraft. When developing mobile launchers, the main means of carrying them was immediately chosen to be the MAZ-543M chassis with four hydraulic supports, separate cabins (containers) for preparing and controlling missile launches, and autonomous or external power supply systems. The speed of movement of combat units of the S-300PS complex on the highway was 60 km/h, on dirt roads - 30 km/h.

Main launcher 5P85S of the S-300PS anti-aircraft system on the MAZ-543M chassis

The S-300PS (S-300PMU) air defense system division included four 5P85SD launch complexes, each of which consisted of one main 5P85S SPU with a high control cabin and autonomous power supply and two additional 5P85D installations with power from an external network and control from the 5P85S SPU radio lines or cable. Each installation was equipped with hydraulic supports and four cylindrical sealed TPK with guided solid-fuel single-stage missiles 5V55R with a launch weight of 1665 kg, a length of 7.25 m and a high-explosive fragmentation warhead weighing 133 kg. Thus, the S-300PS division contained a total of 48 missiles. They were launched from the TPK using a catapult, and then at a height of 20 m the rocket engines and control systems were turned on, which made it possible to fire in difficult terrain. Her pace was 3 – 5 s. The S-300PS division's vehicles could simultaneously fire at six targets and were equipped with night vision devices and radio stations for communication on the march. The combat weight of the SPU 5P85S base was 42,150 kg, overall dimensions - 13,110x3150x3800 mm.

Additional launcher 5P85D for the S-300PS anti-aircraft missile system. 1982

In 1983, the development of the modernized S-300PM air defense system began (for export - S-300PMU-1). It differed from the first S-300PS complex in its increased tactical, technical and operational parameters, the use of a new element base and high noise immunity, as well as the use of a new solid-propellant missile 48N6 (48N6E), which ensured the destruction of targets flying at speeds of up to 2800 m/s. This air defense system became part of the modernized 90Zh6E air defense system with a range of up to 150 km and a firing altitude from 6 m to 40 km. Successful tests of the S-300PM were completed in 1989, and their production began in 1990. In 1993, this system was adopted by the Russian Air Defense Forces, and the first production model was officially presented in 1995. Instead of two types of launchers, the S-300PM (PMU-1) air defense system used only one modernized SPU 5P85SM (for export - 5P85SE or 5P85SE1) with improved characteristics and weight distribution on bridges, developed in 1983 - 1984 in the Leningrad Design Bureau for Special Engineering on a chassis MAZ-543M. The first five experimental 5P85SM installations were assembled in 1984 - 1986 at the Leningrad Bolshevik plant and underwent a cycle of field testing and firing. Each was equipped with four 7.5-meter guided single-stage medium-range 48N6 (48N6E) missiles with a high-explosive fragmentation warhead weighing 143 kg, in which the TPK rested its bottom on the ground during a vertical launch. Compared to previous 5V55R missiles, their launch mass increased to 1800 kg, and the rate of fire decreased to 3 s. In addition, the new SPU had more advanced pre-launch preparation and control equipment, radio telecode communication equipment, autonomous power supply systems and hydraulic equipment. The entire process of transferring them to a combat position was automated, all functions were controlled remotely. The S-300PM air defense system division included up to 12 5P85SM launchers with a total mass of 42.2 tons with ammunition from 96 to 288 missiles.

Launcher 5P85SE of the S-300PMU-1 export system on the MAZ-543M chassis. 1995

This complex ended the Soviet stage of development of the S-300 air defense system, which, despite disarmament, perestroika and economic reforms, quite actively developed and improved with the beginning of the democratic development of the Russian Federation. The main novelty of the difficult 1990s was the S-300PMU-2 “Favorit” system, which was a deep modernization of the S-300PMU-1 air defense system and was recognized as the most effective universal air defense system in the world. It was developed in 1995 - 1997 and put into service in 1998. The new air defense system had expanded information capabilities and autonomy, and was equipped with a new 48N6E2 missile of increased efficiency with a range of 200 km. It included an improved 90Zh6E2 air defense system, consisting of 12 5P85SE2 launchers on a 543M chassis with four missiles in a TPK. Subsequently, the first samples of the SPU of the new S-400 Triumph air defense system were also based on MAZ-543M vehicles, but since the mid-2000s they began to be placed on semi-trailers for the BAZ-6402 truck tractor. At the beginning of 2011, the upcoming transition to an even more advanced S-500 air defense system was announced.

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BAZ-3405-9366 (1972 - 1982) An experimental road train BAZ-3405-9366 of the second intermediate generation with a mechanical drive was designed by the SKB team of the Bryansk Automobile Plant, and then assembled and refined over quite a long time - from 1971 to 1978, and its factory and

From the author's book

Road trains 6009 and 60091 (1982 - 1994) The complexity and unreliability of ZIL-137 road trains in the early 1980s led to a reorientation to simpler, practical, technologically advanced and maintainable systems with mechanical drive of semi-trailer wheels. Works of the Bryansk Automobile Plant on

From the author's book

“Otkritie” family (KrAZ-6315/6316) (1982 - 1991) In February 1976, a secret Resolution of the Council of Ministers and the CPSU Central Committee was issued on the development at the main Soviet automobile plants of families of fundamentally new heavy army trucks and road trains, made according to the requirements

From the author's book

KrAZ ChR-3130/3120 (1982 - 1985) In 1982, as part of the development of the promising family of military vehicles "Otkrytie" of the classical layout, the Kremenchug Automobile Plant built experimental samples of two special 16-ton cabover chassis - single and with

From the author's book

MAZ-7905 (1980 - 1982) In 1980, UGK-2 of the Minsk Automobile Plant developed the six-axle MAZ-7905 vehicle with a lifting capacity of 58 tons, created on the 547A chassis and temporarily occupying an intermediate position between the 547 series vehicles and the family of seven-axle rocket chassis . Considering that

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SELF-PROPELLED UNITS “HO-NI” AND “HO-RO” Since 1941, based on the medium tank “Chi-ha”, self-propelled guns “Ho-ni” (“artillery fourth”) and “Ho-ro” (“artillery second”) began to be produced. ) to equip tank divisions. The guns were installed in a riveted wheelhouse open at the top and rear,

From the author's book

8.2.2. PROPELLER ELECTRIC PLANTS (ELECTRIC PROPOSAL SYSTEMS) The history of the development of propulsion electric plants (PPS) is closely connected both with the development of vessels of various types and purposes, and with the technical development of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and electronics.

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22. System with unlimited solubility in liquid and solid states; eutectic, peritectic and monotectic systems. Systems with polymorphism of components and eutectoid transformation Complete mutual solubility in the solid state is possible

The S-300 air defense system is one of the most popular families of domestic weapons in news headlines. Possession of a powerful complex that allows you to hit aerodynamic and ballistic targets at long ranges and altitudes gives any country and army a strong military-political trump card. However, such a formidable weapon also needs protection.

Maxim Balakin

Oleg Makarov

The Ashuluk air defense range is located in that part of the Caspian lowland where the steppe becomes a semi-desert. The wayward sea-lake once spread far beyond the current shores, and where they are now learning to defend, as they say, our peaceful sky, there was a seabed. The water has gone, but the bottom has not gone anywhere - here it is, yellow-yellow sand, fine as flour. While everything here has not yet burned out from the cruel summer sun, the semi-desert in some places is disguised as a steppe: low branched wormwood bushes add greenery to the landscape. You rub wormwood in your fingers and feel the deep spicy aroma, the smell of the struggle for life in a place where survival is very difficult. Where there is bare sand, people in military uniforms have worked.

Another vehicle that is part of the S-300PS division. This is an illumination and guidance radar, or RPN for short.

The roads here are light ocher in color, along which we rushed in a GAZ-66 (this is much cooler than an Egyptian desert safari!), areas for equipment and ramparts protecting missile positions. When the mast of a low-altitude detector or the light blue containers of the S-300 complex ready to fire rise above these artificial dunes, you feel like the hero of a science-fiction blockbuster.

Marching orders

At the Ashuluk training ground, an event is being held under the unusual name “Air-Fire Conference” with the participation of senior Air Force commanders, senior officers from different regions of the Russian Federation and the union Belarus and representatives of the military-industrial complex. Military personnel and engineers study military equipment in action, exchange opinions, and determine what needs to be improved and how. One of the most pressing tasks today is to ensure high mobility of our troops and air defense systems as well. That is why the conference demonstrated the possibility of quickly redeploying a S-300PS battalion from its home base to a new position. Two launchers of four missiles each are a formidable force, but while the division is on the move, the complex is completely defenseless, it cannot fire from the march, and it is not able to repel all threats. Who will protect him and how?

Maxim Balakin
The divisional column is headed by a “forward patrol” vehicle. This specific term, adopted in air defense, denotes a group of sappers conducting engineering reconnaissance of the convoy's route. The forward patrol detects an air or ground enemy, clears minefields, creates a cordon around the area of biological and radiation-chemical contamination, and carries out topographical reference to a new missile position.

Eagles in "Falcon"

To show air defense sappers in action, the forward patrol was tasked with neutralizing the route after remote mining from a helicopter. The Mi-8 helicopter, flying over the road laid in the sand, scattered training mock-ups of the PFM-1S anti-personnel mine across the area. This weapon is not very dangerous for heavy equipment, but very insidious. The small plastic mine is shaped vaguely like a wing nut, with one half thin and representing a stabilizing wing, and the other half thicker and having a cavity inside. Liquid explosive is poured into the cavity. If you step on a mine, the fluid pressure will increase and will be enough to trigger the fuse.

The commander of the forward patrol, dressed in the latest lightly armored protective suit "Falcon", destroys the detected mines with an overhead charge.

The mines are packed into cylindrical KFS-1S cassettes (with a capacity of 64 mines) and fired from a helicopter (or other platform) with a powder knocker. While the mine is flying, the fuse is cocked. Painted in a protective color, the mine blends perfectly with the soil and is very difficult to detect visually. Mines of this type have existed since Soviet times, but the arsenal of sappers is noticeably updated. The newest selective mine detector IMP-S2 looks like a real high-tech product - it can be programmed not only to search for ferrous and non-ferrous metals, but also to detect ammunition in plastic cases (such as PFM-1). The ergonomics of the device have been significantly improved - now the sapper can hold the mine detector with one hand and control it with the same hand. Another innovation that has just entered the troops is the lightly armored “Falcon” protective suit. The suit protects against fragments weighing up to 1 g, caliber up to 6.5 mm, moving at speeds up to 900 m/s, as well as bullets from PM, APS and Browning pistols. Due to the fact that the armor elements of the suit are made of high-strength polyethylene, the suit is more than half as light as its predecessor of the Doubloon type (16 versus 40 kg). All this suggests that domestic design thought has seriously taken up ergonomics and comfort for people performing combat missions, and has declared war on “hardships and hardships” where it is possible to do without them.
Maxim Balakin

Plus 15 kilometers

Of course, for the S-300 division on the march, mines are far from the only threat, especially in a situation of direct fire contact with the enemy. The division requires a vehicle that could work against close air and ground targets directly while moving. And in this capacity are two Pantsir-S1 anti-aircraft missile and gun systems. This air defense missile system, created in the Tula Instrument Design Bureau, is much “younger” than the S-300 and was put into service only in the second half of the last decade. The complex is a 12-ton turret mounted on a vehicle or tracked chassis, on which a detection system with a locator is placed, as well as launchers for 57E6-E guided missiles (12 pieces of ammunition) and a twin 30 mm anti-aircraft machine gun.

Despite the fact that this interesting and effective system was developed relatively recently, it is being actively improved, and some innovations were presented at the Air Fire Conference at the Ashuluk training ground. Firstly, engineers from the Tula Design Bureau demonstrated new missile weapons for the Pantsir-S1. This promising projectile can be installed not only on new, but also on existing vehicles. “We are talking about a high-speed rocket,” says Yuri Savenkov, first deputy executive director of the Instrument Design Bureau. “This product of the future, which we will offer both for export and to our army, is a completely new design. The missile will expand the list of targets that Pantsir-S1 can hit. It is expected that the new projectile will make it possible to increase the target engagement range from the current 20 to 35 km.”
Maxim Balakin

In addition, an updated version of Pantsir-S on a KamAZ wheelbase arrived in Ashuluk directly from the workshop under its own power. The vehicle did not contain radical innovations, but was a response to the wishes of the military, developed during the operation of the air defense missile system. Firstly, in the updated Pantsir the locator received two phased antenna arrays instead of one, and each can operate in sector mode. This means that the locator is not in constant rotation, scanning a 360-degree panorama over and over again, but is constantly irradiating a certain sector. In the case of a locator with two phased arrays facing in the opposite direction, it can control two sectors of 90 degrees. It is easy to see that even as part of the S-300 division, where there are only two Pantsirs, they will be able to stand perpendicularly and cover all 360 degrees. At the same time, the sector mode allows you not to waste the mechanical resource of the locator rotation device, and also increases the target acquisition range.

During the operation of the ZRPK, a small but significant problem emerged: the thermal imager mounted on the tower does not fit into the railway dimensions. Therefore, when transporting on railway platforms, the tower had to be removed and transported separately, which, of course, is inconvenient. In the new version, the tower has a recess into which the thermal imager can be removed during transportation. Also in the updated “Pantsir” a new computer with a new navigation system is installed. Improving on-board computing technology for machines of this type is extremely important, since Pantsir-S1 is a real network-centric warfare machine. “Shells” can operate in concert in a common network of up to six vehicles, each capable of acting as a command post.
Maxim Balakin

From a cannon to a UAV

Thus, production workers are trying to respond as quickly as possible to the army’s requests, but ahead is a more radical modernization of the air defense missile system, which is now conventionally called “Pantsir-SM.” In this version, the improvement of missile weapons will continue, and the range of hitting a target will increase to 50 km. The design of the anti-aircraft gun will not change, but a new generation of ammunition will be used for firing.

“Experience has shown that targets shrink,” says Yuri Savenkov, “so it is necessary that our projectile opens in front of the target and creates a cloud of fragments. And in about a year we will show such a projectile. Having received such ammunition at its disposal, the crew will be able to choose for themselves which means to work against infantry or light UAVs. But it is clear that firing a missile at a small UAV located nearby is too wasteful, and in this sense, the role of artillery will increase.”
Maxim Balakin

“Pantsiri” cover the S-300 both on the move and during deployment to a new position. Then the shooting begins. During the Air Fire Conference, air defense crews fired S-300PM systems at the Kaban target missile and 300PS systems at the Pishchal-B target. These targets are analogues of tactical ballistic missiles. In addition, the S-300PS also demonstrated its ability to fire at ground targets, hitting the area where, according to the legend of the exercise, an enemy reconnaissance and sabotage group was discovered.

Missiles rushing across the sky, fired from the S-300, look like bright white-greenish luminous spots, followed by a trail of smoke. The fiery extravaganza over the desert only enhances the feeling of the fantastic and unrealistic nature of what is happening. But in fact, although the S-300 cannot be considered one of the most modern types of Russian air defense and missile defense weapons, their effectiveness is still quite high, as evidenced by successfully shot down targets.

The launch of a missile fired by the S-300 air defense system. On the left are two more installations, ready for firing, their launch containers are in a vertical position. To practice countering a possible attack from the air, not only anti-aircraft missiles are required, but also targets comparable in performance characteristics to the types of weapons that the enemy can use (ballistic target, aerodynamic target, hypersonic target).